Photography For introductory and advanced courses in Photography. The London, Upton, Stone series has helped over 1,000,000 photography students capture their potential. And Photography, 10e is the most comprehensive, up to date resource for today s photography students. No other text teaches students the skills they need to use the medium confidently and effectively, while emphasizing both technique, visual awareness, and the latest technologies. This is the text that students will want to keep for years to come.Preface viii
Chapter 1 Getting Started 2
Introducing the Camera 4
Getting Your Camera Ready 5
Focusing and Setting the Exposure 6
Taking Your Picture 8
What Will You Photograph? 9
Some Basic Guidelines to Get You Started .9
Photographing People .10
Photographing Places .12
Chapter 2 Camera .14
Basic Camera Controls 16
The Shutter 18
The Shutter and Light .18
The Shutter and Motion 20
Conveying Motion in a Still Photograph 22
The Aperture 24
The Aperture and Light 24
The Aperture and Depth of Field 26
Using Shutter and Aperture Together 28
Choosing a Camera 30
Keeping the Camera Steady 33
Photographer at Work
Photojournalist James Nachtwey 34
Chapter 3 Lens .36
From Pinhole to Lens 38
Lens Focal Length 40
Normal Focal Length 42
Long Focal Length 44
Short Focal Length .46
Zoom Lenses .48
Special Purpose Lenses 49
Focusing Your Lens 50
Manual Focus .50
Automatic Focus .52
Focus and Depth of Field 54
Controlling Depth of Field 56
Zone Focusing .58
Focusing on the Hyperfocal Distance 59
Perspective 60
Guidelines for Buying a Lens 62
Getting the Most from Your Camera
and Lens 63
Photographer at Work
Documentary Photographer
Mary Ellen Mark 64
Chapter 4 Exposure, Sensors, and Film 66
Exposure Basics 68
Equivalent Exposures .68
How Exposure Meters Work .69
In Camera Exposure Meters 70
Automatic Exposure 71
How to Meter 72
An Overall Reading of a Scene with Average Tones .72
Using Different Types of Meters .73
Metering High Contrast Scenes 74
Exposing for Specific Tones and Bracketing .76
Hard to Meter Scenes .77
Responding to Light 78
Silver and Pixels .78
Selecting and Using Film 79
Exposure Latitude and Dynamic Range 80
How Much Can Exposures Vary? .80
Film and Sensor Speed 82
Speed and ISO 82
Grain and Noise .83
Using Filters 84
Polarizing Filters .86
Extending Beyond Visible Light 87
Infrared Photographs .87
Using Exposure 88
Photographer at Work
Advertising Photographer
Clint Clemens 90
Chapter 5 Developing a Negative 92
How to Process Black and White Roll Film 94
Equipment and Supplies You ll Need 94
Processing Chemicals
and How to Handle Them .95
Chemical Safety 96
Processing Black and White Roll Film Step by Step 98
How Film Processing Affects Your Picture 104
Exposure and Development Under, Normal, Over 106
Chapter 6 Printing in a Darkroom 108
Black and White Printing 110
Equipment and Supplies for Printing .110
The Enlarger .112
Printing Papers .114
Making a Black and White Print Step by Step 116
A Contact Sheet A Whole Roll at Once 116
Setting Up an Enlargement 118
A Test Strip for Your Print .120
A Trial Print and Then a Final Print 121
Processing a Black and White Print 122
Evaluating Density and Contrast in a Print 126
Controlling Contrast 128
Graded and Variable Contrast Papers .128
Dodging and Burning 130
Cropping 132
Archival Processing for Maximum
Permanence 133
Toning for Color and Other Effects 134
Chapter 7 Color 136
Color Additive or Subtractive 138
Color Photographs Three Image Layers 139
Color Characteristics 140
Color Balance 142
Color Changes throughout the Day 142
Color Casts 144
Color Temperature 145
Filters to Balance Color with Film .146
Making a Color Print From a Negative 148
Equipment and Materials You ll Need .148
Exposing a Test Print 149
Judging Color Balance in a Print Made from a Negative 150
Photographer at Work
Another Angle on Sports
Walter Iooss, Jr 152
Chapter 8 Setting up a Digital Darkroom 154
Hardware and Software 156
An Overview .156
Capturing Detail Resolution and Bit Depth 157
Photographs Are Files 158
File Formats .158
Color Management 160
Channels 162
Color or Black and White? .162
Histograms 164
Anatomy of a Digital Image 164
Three Histograms for Color 165
Importing Your Images 166
Downloading from a Camera .166
Making a Scan 167
Setting Up a Workflow 168
Workflow Applications .169
Photographer at Work
Digital Storyteller Pedro Meyer 170
Chapter 9 Image Editing 172
Digital Post Processing Getting Started 174
Choosing Software 174
Your Work Area and Tools .175
An Image Editing Workflow 176
A Step by Step Process .176
Adjusting Color and Value 178
Different Approaches 178
Using Levels .179
Curves .180
Adjusting All or Part of an Image 182
Selection Tools .182
Using Layers .183
Other Editing Commands 184
High Dynamic Range .184
Filters for Special Effects 185
Sharpening 186
Retouching 187
Compositing 188
Photographer at Work
RetouchShoppe
Scalese and Villarreal 190
Chapter 10 Digital Printing 192
Printers and Printing 194
Printer Choices .194
Drivers and RIPs 195
Profiles and Soft Proofing .196
Papers and Inks 197
Printing Options 198
Panoramic Photographs 198
Printing in Black and White 200
Displaying Your Work 202
The Internet Gallery and Resource .202
Ethics How Far Can You Go? 203
Chapter 11 Organizing and Storing Your Work 204
Image Storage 206
Size Matters .206
Metadata Data About Your Files 207
Software to Keep You Organized 208
Archiving Digital Images 209
Archiving Film and Prints 210
Chapter 12 Print Finishing and Display 212
Spotting to Remove Minor Flaws 214
Mounting a Print 215
Equipment and Supplies You ll Need .215
Dry Mounting 216
Cutting an Overmat 218
Framing and Glazing .219
Chapter 13 Lighting 220
Direction of Light 222
Degree of Diffusion
From Hard to Soft Light 224
Available Light Outdoors 226
Available Light Indoors 227
Artificial Light 228
Lights and Other Lighting Equipment 228
Qualities of Artificial Light .229
The Main Light The Dominant Source 230
The Fill Light To Lighten Shadows 232
Lighting with Flash 234
Flash Equipment 235
Basic Flash Techniques .236
Manual Flash Exposures 238
Automatic Flash Exposures 239
Fill Flash To Lighten Shadows 240
Controlling Background Brightness 242
Simple Portrait Lighting 244
Multiple Light Portrait Setups 246
Lighting Textured Objects 248
Lighting Reflective Objects 249
Lighting Translucent Objects 250
Using Lighting 251
Photographer at Work
Dance Photographer Lois Greenfield 252
Chapter 14 Extending the Image 254
Using Scale 256
Pictures Very Large and Very Small 256
Multiple Images 258
More is Better 258
Fabricated to be Photographed 260
The Photograph as Object 262
Using Projections 264
Making a Book 265
Alternative Processes 266
Cyanotype Printing 266
Platinum and Palladium Printing 267
Gum Bichromate Printing 268
A Sabattier Image Part Positive, Part Negative 269
A Photogram A Cameraless Picture .270
Pinhole Photography 272
How to Make a Close Up Photograph 274
Close Up Exposures .275
Copying Techniques 276
Chapter 15 View Camera 278
Inside a View Camera 280
View Camera Movements 282
Rise and Fall 282
Shift .284
Tilt 286
Swing 288
Using a View Camera to Control the Image 290
Controlling the Plane of Focus .291
Controlling Perspective .292
Equipment You ll Need 294
What to Do First and Next 295
Loading and Processing Sheet Film 296
Chapter 16 The Zone System 298
The Zone System Scales 300
Using the Zone Scale While Metering 302
Placing a Tone, Seeing Where Other Tones Fall .302
How Development Controls Contrast 304
Putting It All Together 306
Roll Film and Color Film .307
Chapter 17 Seeing Photographs 308
Basic Choices 310
Content .310
Framing the Subject .312
Backgrounds .314
Basic Design 316
Spot/Line .316
Shape/Pattern 318
Emphasis/Balance .320
More Choices 322
Using Contrasts of Sharpness 322
Using Contrasts of Light and Dark 324
Placing the Subject within the Frame .326
Perspective and Point of View 328
Looking at and Talking About Photographs 330
Showing Your Work to Editors and Others 332
Chapter 18 History of Photography 334
The Invention of Photography 336
Daguerreotype Designs on Silver Bright 337
Calotype Pictures on Paper 338
Collodion Wet Plate Sharp and Reproducible 339
Gelatin Emulsion/Roll Film Base Photography for Everyone 340
Color Photography 341
Early Portraits 342
Early Travel Photography 344
Early Images of War 345
Time and Motion in Early Photographs 346
The Photograph as Document 347
Photography and Social Change 348
Photojournalism 350
Photography as Art in the 19th Century 354
Pictorial Photography and the Photo Secession 355
The Direct Image in Art 356
The Quest for a New Vision 357
Photography as Art in the 1950s and 1960s 358
Photography as Art in the 1970s and 1980s 360
Digital Photography Becomes Mainstream 362
A Gallery of Contemporary Photography 364
Troubleshooting 380
Glossary 391
Bibliography 396
Credits 400
Index 402
Chapter 1 Getting Started 2
Introducing the Camera 4
Getting Your Camera Ready 5
Focusing and Setting the Exposure 6
Taking Your Picture 8
What Will You Photograph? 9
Some Basic Guidelines to Get You Started .9
Photographing People .10
Photographing Places .12
Chapter 2 Camera .14
Basic Camera Controls 16
The Shutter 18
The Shutter and Light .18
The Shutter and Motion 20
Conveying Motion in a Still Photograph 22
The Aperture 24
The Aperture and Light 24
The Aperture and Depth of Field 26
Using Shutter and Aperture Together 28
Choosing a Camera 30
Keeping the Camera Steady 33
Photographer at Work
Photojournalist James Nachtwey 34
Chapter 3 Lens .36
From Pinhole to Lens 38
Lens Focal Length 40
Normal Focal Length 42
Long Focal Length 44
Short Focal Length .46
Zoom Lenses .48
Special Purpose Lenses 49
Focusing Your Lens 50
Manual Focus .50
Automatic Focus .52
Focus and Depth of Field 54
Controlling Depth of Field 56
Zone Focusing .58
Focusing on the Hyperfocal Distance 59
Perspective 60
Guidelines for Buying a Lens 62
Getting the Most from Your Camera
and Lens 63
Photographer at Work
Documentary Photographer
Mary Ellen Mark 64
Chapter 4 Exposure, Sensors, and Film 66
Exposure Basics 68
Equivalent Exposures .68
How Exposure Meters Work .69
In Camera Exposure Meters 70
Automatic Exposure 71
How to Meter 72
An Overall Reading of a Scene with Average Tones .72
Using Different Types of Meters .73
Metering High Contrast Scenes 74
Exposing for Specific Tones and Bracketing .76
Hard to Meter Scenes .77
Responding to Light 78
Silver and Pixels .78
Selecting and Using Film 79
Exposure Latitude and Dynamic Range 80
How Much Can Exposures Vary? .80
Film and Sensor Speed 82
Speed and ISO 82
Grain and Noise .83
Using Filters 84
Polarizing Filters .86
Extending Beyond Visible Light 87
Infrared Photographs .87
Using Exposure 88
Photographer at Work
Advertising Photographer
Clint Clemens 90
Chapter 5 Developing a Negative 92
How to Process Black and White Roll Film 94
Equipment and Supplies You ll Need 94
Processing Chemicals
and How to Handle Them .95
Chemical Safety 96
Processing Black and White Roll Film Step by Step 98
How Film Processing Affects Your Picture 104
Exposure and Development Under, Normal, Over 106
Chapter 6 Printing in a Darkroom 108
Black and White Printing 110
Equipment and Supplies for Printing .110
The Enlarger .112
Printing Papers .114
Making a Black and White Print Step by Step 116
A Contact Sheet A Whole Roll at Once 116
Setting Up an Enlargement 118
A Test Strip for Your Print .120
A Trial Print and Then a Final Print 121
Processing a Black and White Print 122
Evaluating Density and Contrast in a Print 126
Controlling Contrast 128
Graded and Variable Contrast Papers .128
Dodging and Burning 130
Cropping 132
Archival Processing for Maximum
Permanence 133
Toning for Color and Other Effects 134
Chapter 7 Color 136
Color Additive or Subtractive 138
Color Photographs Three Image Layers 139
Color Characteristics 140
Color Balance 142
Color Changes throughout the Day 142
Color Casts 144
Color Temperature 145
Filters to Balance Color with Film .146
Making a Color Print From a Negative 148
Equipment and Materials You ll Need .148
Exposing a Test Print 149
Judging Color Balance in a Print Made from a Negative 150
Photographer at Work
Another Angle on Sports
Walter Iooss, Jr 152
Chapter 8 Setting up a Digital Darkroom 154
Hardware and Software 156
An Overview .156
Capturing Detail Resolution and Bit Depth 157
Photographs Are Files 158
File Formats .158
Color Management 160
Channels 162
Color or Black and White? .162
Histograms 164
Anatomy of a Digital Image 164
Three Histograms for Color 165
Importing Your Images 166
Downloading from a Camera .166
Making a Scan 167
Setting Up a Workflow 168
Workflow Applications .169
Photographer at Work
Digital Storyteller Pedro Meyer 170
Chapter 9 Image Editing 172
Digital Post Processing Getting Started 174
Choosing Software 174
Your Work Area and Tools .175
An Image Editing Workflow 176
A Step by Step Process .176
Adjusting Color and Value 178
Different Approaches 178
Using Levels .179
Curves .180
Adjusting All or Part of an Image 182
Selection Tools .182
Using Layers .183
Other Editing Commands 184
High Dynamic Range .184
Filters for Special Effects 185
Sharpening 186
Retouching 187
Compositing 188
Photographer at Work
RetouchShoppe
Scalese and Villarreal 190
Chapter 10 Digital Printing 192
Printers and Printing 194
Printer Choices .194
Drivers and RIPs 195
Profiles and Soft Proofing .196
Papers and Inks 197
Printing Options 198
Panoramic Photographs 198
Printing in Black and White 200
Displaying Your Work 202
The Internet Gallery and Resource .202
Ethics How Far Can You Go? 203
Chapter 11 Organizing and Storing Your Work 204
Image Storage 206
Size Matters .206
Metadata Data About Your Files 207
Software to Keep You Organized 208
Archiving Digital Images 209
Archiving Film and Prints 210
Chapter 12 Print Finishing and Display 212
Spotting to Remove Minor Flaws 214
Mounting a Print 215
Equipment and Supplies You ll Need .215
Dry Mounting 216
Cutting an Overmat 218
Framing and Glazing .219
Chapter 13 Lighting 220
Direction of Light 222
Degree of Diffusion
From Hard to Soft Light 224
Available Light Outdoors 226
Available Light Indoors 227
Artificial Light 228
Lights and Other Lighting Equipment 228
Qualities of Artificial Light .229
The Main Light The Dominant Source 230
The Fill Light To Lighten Shadows 232
Lighting with Flash 234
Flash Equipment 235
Basic Flash Techniques .236
Manual Flash Exposures 238
Automatic Flash Exposures 239
Fill Flash To Lighten Shadows 240
Controlling Background Brightness 242
Simple Portrait Lighting 244
Multiple Light Portrait Setups 246
Lighting Textured Objects 248
Lighting Reflective Objects 249
Lighting Translucent Objects 250
Using Lighting 251
Photographer at Work
Dance Photographer Lois Greenfield 252
Chapter 14 Extending the Image 254
Using Scale 256
Pictures Very Large and Very Small 256
Multiple Images 258
More is Better 258
Fabricated to be Photographed 260
The Photograph as Object 262
Using Projections 264
Making a Book 265
Alternative Processes 266
Cyanotype Printing 266
Platinum and Palladium Printing 267
Gum Bichromate Printing 268
A Sabattier Image Part Positive, Part Negative 269
A Photogram A Cameraless Picture .270
Pinhole Photography 272
How to Make a Close Up Photograph 274
Close Up Exposures .275
Copying Techniques 276
Chapter 15 View Camera 278
Inside a View Camera 280
View Camera Movements 282
Rise and Fall 282
Shift .284
Tilt 286
Swing 288
Using a View Camera to Control the Image 290
Controlling the Plane of Focus .291
Controlling Perspective .292
Equipment You ll Need 294
What to Do First and Next 295
Loading and Processing Sheet Film 296
Chapter 16 The Zone System 298
The Zone System Scales 300
Using the Zone Scale While Metering 302
Placing a Tone, Seeing Where Other Tones Fall .302
How Development Controls Contrast 304
Putting It All Together 306
Roll Film and Color Film .307
Chapter 17 Seeing Photographs 308
Basic Choices 310
Content .310
Framing the Subject .312
Backgrounds .314
Basic Design 316
Spot/Line .316
Shape/Pattern 318
Emphasis/Balance .320
More Choices 322
Using Contrasts of Sharpness 322
Using Contrasts of Light and Dark 324
Placing the Subject within the Frame .326
Perspective and Point of View 328
Looking at and Talking About Photographs 330
Showing Your Work to Editors and Others 332
Chapter 18 History of Photography 334
The Invention of Photography 336
Daguerreotype Designs on Silver Bright 337
Calotype Pictures on Paper 338
Collodion Wet Plate Sharp and Reproducible 339
Gelatin Emulsion/Roll Film Base Photography for Everyone 340
Color Photography 341
Early Portraits 342
Early Travel Photography 344
Early Images of War 345
Time and Motion in Early Photographs 346
The Photograph as Document 347
Photography and Social Change 348
Photojournalism 350
Photography as Art in the 19th Century 354
Pictorial Photography and the Photo Secession 355
The Direct Image in Art 356
The Quest for a New Vision 357
Photography as Art in the 1950s and 1960s 358
Photography as Art in the 1970s and 1980s 360
Digital Photography Becomes Mainstream 362
A Gallery of Contemporary Photography 364
Troubleshooting 380
Glossary 391
Bibliography 396
Credits 400
Index 402
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